Akhlak dalam Pekerjaan dan Profesi
Islam merupakan agama sempurna yang mengatur seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia. Termasuk dalam hal mencari penghidupan, agama Islam memberikan tuntunan agar umatnya tetap berada dalam jalur yang diridai Allah Swt. sebagai Tuhannya. Sebab, mencari penghidupan dengan bekerja merupakan perintah Allah Swt. baik secara tersurat maupun tersirat.
Diriwayatkan oleh Imam al-Bukhari, Rasulullah Saw. bersabda, yang artinya, “Tiada makanan yang lebih baik bagi Anak Adam kecuali yang didapatnya dari hasil tangannya sendiri.” Hadis tersebut menyiratkan bahwa bani Adam haruslah bekerja agar apa yang dikonsumsinya merupakan sesuatu yang terbaik di mata Allah. Oleh karena itu, bekerja yang dilakukan pun akan otomatis didasari prinsip lillâhi ta’âlâ.
Di dalam Islam, melakukan suatu pekerjaan bukan sekedar bentuk aktualisasi kompetensi yang melahirkan kepuasan tersendiri. Lebih dari itu, bekerja dipandang sebagai manifestasi konkret dari misi penciptaan manusia yang Allah firmankan melalui Q.S. Az-Zariat [51: 56], “Aku tidak menciptakan jin dan manusia, melainkan agar mereka beribadah kepada-Ku.” Dengan demikian, bekerja merupakan bukti nyata ibadahnya seorang hamba.
Bekerja memiliki berbagai keistimewaan yang dijelaskan baik di dalam al-Quran, hadis Nabi Saw., maupun perkataan sahabat. Misalnya dari Q.S. Al-Muzzamil [71: 20] bisa diketahui beberapa keistimewaan bekerja. Diantaranya ialah, pertama, disamakan dengan al-jihâdu fî sabîlillâh. Dalam ayat tersebut terdapat huruf wawu yang menunjukkan kesetaraan bekerja (yadhribûna fil ardh) dengan berjihad. Bekerja tidak hanya disetarakan dengan jihad, bahkan juga merupakan salah satu aktualisasi jihad.
’Umar bin Khattab ra bahkan sampai mengatakan bahwa baginya, wafat dalam keadaan sedang bekerja lebih disukainya jika dibandingkan dengan wafat ketika tengah berjihad. Hal tersebut karena dalam ayat 20 surah al-Muzammil disebutkan bekerja terlebih dahulu sebelum berjihad sehingga dimaknai sebagai keutamaan bekerja atau mencari penghidupan. Kedua, seorang pekerja diperbolehkan meninggalkan salat malam jika ia merasakan begitu letih setelah mencari nafkah seharian.
Keistimewaan lainnya ialah bahwa rasa letih yang disebabkan karena bekerja akan menjadikan orang yang merasakannya mendapat ampunan. Imam At-Thabrani meriwayatkan bahwa Rasulullah Saw. bersabda, “Barangsiapa yang merasa lelah di waktu sore lantaran pekerjaan kedua tangannya (mencari nafkah) maka saat itu ia diampuni dosa-dosanya.” Bekerja juga merupakan bentuk menjalankan sunah bahkan termasuk menjalankan perbuatan para Nabi. Dalam Q.S. Al-Furqan [25: 20] Allah Swt. berfirman, “dan Kami tidak mengutus rasul-rasul sebelummu (Muhammad), melainkan mereka pasti memakan makanan dan berjalan di pasar-pasar.” Maksud ayat tersebut ialah mencari penghidupan atau bekerja.
Dalam suatu hadis riwayat Imam al-Bukhari, Rasulullah Saw. bahkan pernah mengatakan bahwa Allah Swt. tidak mengutus seorang Nabi kecuali dia menggembala kambing. Rasulullah Saw. pernah menggembalakan kambing dengan upah beberapa qirath dari penduduk Makkah. Selain itu, Rasulullah saw. merupakan seorang pedagang. Maka, jelaslah bahwa pekerja termasuk meneladani perbuatan Nabi Saw. baik itu di sektor ekonomi, industri, atu lainnya selama jalan yang ditempuh tidak melanggar syariat.
Adapun tuntunan yang distandarkan dalam melakukan suatu perkerjaan diantaranya ialah, pertama, memiliki kekuatan. Sebab seseorang yang mengemban suatu pekerjaan tidak hanya harus memiliki kekuatan secara moral-spiritual melainkan harus memiliki kekuatan fisik. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan kisah di dalam Quran Surah al-Qashas [28: 26] ketika salah satu putri Nabi Syu’aib berkata, “wahai ayahku, jadikanlah dia sebagai pekerja (kita). Sesungguhnya orang yang paling baik yang engkau ambil sebagai pekerja ialah orang yang kuat lagi dapat dipercaya.” Kekuatan tentu sifatnya relatif, bergantung pada ranah atau wilayah seseorang melakukan pekerjaan. Misalnya, kekuatan bagi seorang tentara termasuk di dalamnya ialah keberanian. Namun, kekuatan bagi seorang hakim bermakna penguasaan ilmu-ilmu tertentu yang mendukung pemutusan suatu perkara, sifatnya yang adik dan bijaksana sesuai Quran dan Sunnah, serta penguasaannya terkait hukum-hukum tersebut.
Kedua, bersifat amanah. Dalam hal ini, maksudnya ialah mumpuni dan ahli dalam membidangi suatu profesi yang diberikan padanya. Sebab, dikabarkan dalam suatu hadis bahwa Rasulullah Saw. pernah ditanya oleh seorang Baduwi tentang waktu hari kiamat. Beliau menjawab bahwa kiamat tidak akan terjadi sampai amanah sudah diabaikan oleh orang-orang. Ketika ditanya maksudnya, Rasulullah Saw. mengatakan bahwa apabila suatu urusan diserahkan pada seseorang yang bukan ahlinya, maka tunggulah kehancurannya (kiamat pun akan terjadi).
Ketiga, seseorang harus memiliki sifat itqân yakni menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan tepat. Ketepatan tersebut sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku, standar operasional, tepat dalam hal waktu, target, sasaran, dan sebaginya. Selanjutnya, seseorang juga dituntut untuk menunaikan amanah pekerjaan yang diberikan padanya. Dalam suatu hadis riwayat Imam al-Bukhari, dikatakan bahwa apabila seseorang menunaikan pekerjaannya maka ia akan diberikan suatu energi untuk menyelesaikannya. Namun, jika ia melakukan suatu pekerjaan dengan niat mencederai maka ia akan dibinasakan.
Kelima, seseorang harus menjaga rahasia-rahasia yang ada di tempatnya bekerja meskipun tidak dipesankan secara tersurat. Namun, jika ia mengetahui bahwa terdapat sesuatu yang tak pantas diketahui oleh orang lain, sudah sepantasnya ia menjaga hal tersebut agar tidak diketahui pihak luar tempat ia bekerja bahkan menjaganya agar tak ada yang mengetahui. Terakhir, seseorang tentu bersikap ihsan. Ia merasakan bahwa dirinya tak pernah luput dari pengawasan Allah Swt. sehingga apa yang dilakukannya selalu baik dan tidak keluar dari jalan lurus. Dengan begitu, pekerjaan seseorang tidak akan membuatnya lalai atau melupakan Allah Swt.
Penulis: Erna Melasari
Sumber: Kajian Ustaz Fathurrahman Kamal yang disiarkan virtual melalui youtube Islamic Center UAD pada Rabu, 17 Ramadhan 1442 H/28 April 2021 M.
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